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<b>请注意:</b><br>本书基于 Elasticsearch 2.x 版本，有些内容可能已经过时。
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<span class="breadcrumb-node">范围</span>
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<span class="prev">
<a href="_finding_multiple_exact_values.html">« 查找多个精确值</a>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="_ranges"></a>范围<a class="edit_me edit_me_private" rel="nofollow" title="Editing on GitHub is available to Elastic" href="https://github.com/elasticsearch-cn/elasticsearch-definitive-guide/edit/cn/080_Structured_Search/25_ranges.asciidoc">edit</a>
</h2>
</div></div></div>
<p>本章到目前为止，对于数字，只介绍如何处理精确值查询。实际上，对数字范围进行过滤有时会更有用。例如，我们可能想要查找所有价格大于 $20 且小于 $40 美元的产品。</p>
<p>在 SQL 中，范围查询可以表示为：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-sql">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-sql">SELECT document
FROM   products
WHERE  price BETWEEN 20 AND 40</pre>
</div>
<p>Elasticsearch 有 <code class="literal">range</code> 查询，不出所料地，可以用它来查找处于某个范围内的文档：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-js">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-js">"range" : {
    "price" : {
        "gte" : 20,
        "lte" : 40
    }
}</pre>
</div>
<p><code class="literal">range</code> 查询可同时提供包含（inclusive）和不包含（exclusive）这两种范围表达式，可供组合的选项如下：</p>
<div class="ulist itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist">
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">gt</code>: <code class="literal">&gt;</code> 大于（greater than）
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">lt</code>: <code class="literal">&lt;</code> 小于（less than）
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">gte</code>: <code class="literal">&gt;=</code> 大于或等于（greater than or equal to）
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">lte</code>: <code class="literal">&lt;=</code> 小于或等于（less than or equal to）
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p><strong>下面是一个范围查询的例子：.</strong></p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-sense">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-sense">GET /my_store/products/_search
{
    "query" : {
        "constant_score" : {
            "filter" : {
                "range" : {
                    "price" : {
                        "gte" : 20,
                        "lt"  : 40
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}</pre>
</div>
<div class="sense_widget" data-snippet="snippets/080_Structured_Search/25_Range_filter.json"></div>
<p>如果想要范围无界（比方说 &gt;20 ），只须省略其中一边的限制：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-sense">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-sense">"range" : {
    "price" : {
        "gt" : 20
    }
}</pre>
</div>
<div class="sense_widget" data-snippet="snippets/080_Structured_Search/25_Range_filter.json"></div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div>
<h3 class="title">
<a id="_日期范围"></a>日期范围<a class="edit_me edit_me_private" rel="nofollow" title="Editing on GitHub is available to Elastic" href="https://github.com/elasticsearch-cn/elasticsearch-definitive-guide/edit/cn/080_Structured_Search/25_ranges.asciidoc">edit</a>
</h3>
</div></div></div>
<p><code class="literal">range</code> 查询同样可以应用在日期字段上：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-js">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-js">"range" : {
    "timestamp" : {
        "gt" : "2014-01-01 00:00:00",
        "lt" : "2014-01-07 00:00:00"
    }
}</pre>
</div>
<p>当使用它处理日期字段时， <code class="literal">range</code> 查询支持对  <em>日期计算（date math）</em>  进行操作，比方说，如果我们想查找时间戳在过去一小时内的所有文档：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-js">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-js">"range" : {
    "timestamp" : {
        "gt" : "now-1h"
    }
}</pre>
</div>
<p>这个过滤器会一直查找时间戳在过去一个小时内的所有文档，让过滤器作为一个时间  <em>滑动窗口（sliding window）</em> 来过滤文档。</p>
<p>日期计算还可以被应用到某个具体的时间，并非只能是一个像 now 这样的占位符。只要在某个日期后加上一个双管符号 (<code class="literal">||</code>) 并紧跟一个日期数学表达式就能做到：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-js">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-js">"range" : {
    "timestamp" : {
        "gt" : "2014-01-01 00:00:00",
        "lt" : "2014-01-01 00:00:00||+1M" <a id="CO52-1"></a><i class="conum" data-value="1"></i>
    }
}</pre>
</div>
<div class="calloutlist">
<table border="0" summary="Callout list">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" width="5%">
<p><a href="#CO52-1"><i class="conum" data-value="1"></i></a></p>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">
<p>早于 2014 年 1 月 1 日加 1 月（2014 年 2 月 1 日 零时）</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p>日期计算是 <em>日历相关（calendar aware）</em> 的，所以它不仅知道每月的具体天数，还知道某年的总天数（闰年）等信息。更详细的内容可以参考：
 <a href="/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/5.6/mapping-date-format.html" class="ulink" target="_top">时间格式参考文档</a> 。</p>
</div>

<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div>
<h3 class="title">
<a id="_字符串范围"></a>字符串范围<a class="edit_me edit_me_private" rel="nofollow" title="Editing on GitHub is available to Elastic" href="https://github.com/elasticsearch-cn/elasticsearch-definitive-guide/edit/cn/080_Structured_Search/25_ranges.asciidoc">edit</a>
</h3>
</div></div></div>
<p><code class="literal">range</code> 查询同样可以处理字符串字段，字符串范围可采用 <em>字典顺序（lexicographically）</em> 或字母顺序（alphabetically）。例如，下面这些字符串是采用字典序（lexicographically）排序的：</p>
<div class="ulist itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist">
<li class="listitem">
5, 50, 6, B, C, a, ab, abb, abc, b
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="note admon">
<div class="icon"></div>
<div class="admon_content">
<p>在倒排索引中的词项就是采取字典顺序（lexicographically）排列的，这也是字符串范围可以使用这个顺序来确定的原因。</p>
</div>
</div>
<p>如果我们想查找从 <code class="literal">a</code> 到 <code class="literal">b</code> （不包含）的字符串，同样可以使用 <code class="literal">range</code> 查询语法：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-js">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-js">"range" : {
    "title" : {
        "gte" : "a",
        "lt" :  "b"
    }
}</pre>
</div>
<div class="sidebar">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div>
<p class="title"><strong>注意基数</strong></p>
</div></div></div>
<p>数字和日期字段的索引方式使高效地范围计算成为可能。但字符串却并非如此，要想对其使用范围过滤，Elasticsearch 实际上是在为范围内的每个词项都执行 <code class="literal">term</code> 过滤器，这会比日期或数字的范围过滤慢许多。</p>
<p>字符串范围在过滤 <em>低基数（low cardinality）</em> 字段（即只有少量唯一词项）时可以正常工作，但是唯一词项越多，字符串范围的计算会越慢。</p>
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